On The Pulse Of The Morning Summary - 1078 Words

Christine’s View of a Good Speech: Maya Angelou’s, On the Pulse of the Morning On January 20th, 1993, African American poet, Maya Angelou, delivered On the Pulse of Morning at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton. She made history that day by not only being African American but the second American to deliver a speech at a presidential inauguration. On the Pulse of the Morning signifies evolution, growth, and freedom for our country. Maya uses eternal motifs such as a tree, river, and a rock to solicit the eternal change in history. The rock corresponds with religious faith as well as the pilgrims’ landing at Plymouth rock and Americans’ faith in democracy. The river serves as the Potomac River winding its way through†¦show more content†¦By failing to live at peace with their men, they will cause turmoil and thus be disobeying the unwritten â€Å"law† of women. Maya Angelou values peace over conflict. In her speech she says, â€Å"Your armed struggles for profit, have left collars of waste upon my shore, currents of debris upon my breast. Yet, today I call you to my riverside, if you will study war no more. Come, clad in peace and I will sing the songs the Creator gave to me when I and the tree and stone were one.† (Stanza7), she describes mankind continuing to resist the power of Christ, yet, Christ still wants to welcome mankind in open arms and be at peace and in unity. Christine believes that women should â€Å"ponder long and hard whether she can do something. . . to prevent this war† (1, 8).She explains that â€Å"in this cause she will wish to work and labor carefully, calling God to her aid, and by good council she will do whatever she can do to find a way of peace† (1, 8).One of Christine’s seven important virtues that all women should strive for is concord and benevolence because it â€Å"engenders P eace and breaks up the sword of Anger† (2, 13).According to Christine, keeping the peace is a woman’s duty no matter the rank of social status she claims. Maya also says, â€Å"History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, and if faced with courage, need not be lived again† (Stanza18). She is telling us that even though our history is most likely ugly andShow MoreRelatedMaya Angelou Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Promising a new era in American History, President Bill Clinton asked Angelou to receipt her poem On the Pulse of Morning during his 1993 inauguration (Plot Summary: On the Pulse of Morning,). The poem drew people of all different races, cultures, and religions together to return to the basic values that made the United States great (Plot Summary: On the Pulse of Morning,).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maya Angelou taught peace and growth through her many autobiographies and poems that reached peopleRead MoreNursing Assessment1391 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Dismisses Nursing Assessments, Question of Nurse Advocacy. Summary: The patient was involved in a motorcycle accident in which his bike fell onto and injured his left leg. When the nurses assessing the patient could not detect a pulse in that leg, an ominous sign of circulatory failure. The physician when notified chose to dismiss this fact and discharge the patient. The patient would return soon after with worsening symptoms that would require emergency surgery. Should the nurses haveRead MoreThe Impact Of Communication On Nursing Leadership Processes1411 Words   |  6 Pagestheir leadership style and management skills. (comp. # 9) Key words: NM-nurse manager, HD- health department, comp- competency, EBP- evidence-based-practices Summary At the facility today, the HD was present and every unit was on high alert. The HD was at the hospital because the hospital was being approved for some purposes. During the morning meeting the Director, discussed with the NM’s of the different departments about being very vigilant. 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Warrant As the Hound finally miraculously leaves Montag, it seems he has finally escaped the control of society and is now enjoying the smells and trees and seeing things the way he truly should. Conclusion/Transition:Read MoreEssay On Clinical Activities855 Words   |  4 Pagesby using effective communication within the clinical group and the staff on the unit throughout the day, such as practicing open and honest communication. Also by leaving communication lines open to those who may need my help to address problems. Summary of Clinical Activities We started our day in the hospital lobby promptly at 0630, the professor started by explaining where on the unit each of us would be. I was placed on the Labor and Delivery floor along with three ladies. I was nervous, forRead MoreThe Effects Of Playtime On Kitmap Comment1404 Words   |  6 Pagessometimes and I intend to help them with anything they need assistance with in the future if they ask. WenjaHCF: This sever i was recently staff on around a month ago. I was Trial-Mod and was demoted due to Saying in chat Pulse 2.0 is coming out Mid conversation about Pulse. But not realising my mistake was that harsh, i was demoted. The server, and staff were very friendly and had loved to become apart of that loving community. Are you staff on any other servers currently? Currently i am notRead MoreStandards Terminology Paper : Nursing Intervention Classification And The Nursing Outcome Classification1493 Words   |  6 PagesState University Preface In standards terminology paper one patient’s assessment will be presented along with Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing intervention Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification. In conclusion part of the paper, the summary of these systems will be provided. Clinical Encounter Mary Smith, Female, 56 years old, presented to Emergency Department with abnormal Chest Xray, fever, chills and generalized weakness on Friday, 10/31/2014. Per patient, she came to visit herRead MoreDescriptive Essay : 28 Days After My Escape 1660 Words   |  7 Pageskitchen and says, â€Å"Trilli, you really should slow down.† â€Å"I know mom,† I respond, rolling my eyes in spite of myself, â€Å"but I really can’t get another tardy.† Just like that I’m running down the street through the early morning haze with a burning piece of toast in hand. Like every morning, I see people sleeping on the streets and outside of buildings. With the overpopulation, anyone without a decent job does not receive a home. My mom works as a teacher for the elementary school kids, so we qualifiedRead MoreEvolutionary Families Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesWaking up in the morning and scrambling to finish homework, realizing you left your textbook at your dad’s could be a problem. Your mom is late for work and cannot drive you to your dad’s house. As a result, you will receive a zero for the assignment. A few decades ago, scenarios like this were not prevalent. However, with the change in family structure, this situation is now very common. Over decades, television shows have reflected the social changes of the family structure. Starting with the

The Benefits Of Affirmative Action - 855 Words

The benefits of affirmative action for society The ethical issues around the policy of affirmative action often raises disputes in the society. The opponents of the affirmative action or positive discrimination consider that it is the same discrimination, but of the minority against the majority. Some opponents consider that the affirmative action not only does not help the groups of minority, but also diminishes their achievements by providing them extra opportunities. Undoubtedly, there is a reason in these views. However, the negative opinion about the affirmative action often spreads because of inability to realize its positive effects. The affirmative action allows those groups of people who fail to enter the college or find a job with ability to be applied without regards to their race, ethnicity, sex and physical abilities. The policy of affirmative action diversifies workplaces and educational establishments. Without any doubts, the positive effects of the affirmative action, such as diversification of the society and providing equal opportunities to all groups of people who are discriminated, diminish its negative effects and some vague ethical aspects of positive discrimination. The affirmative action covers many groups of minorities who cannot apply to the university or job. These groups are racial, ethnic, sexual minorities, women, the disabled people and others. All of them were heavily discriminated and deprived of their citizen and human rights and some ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Many Benefits of Affirmative Action2038 Words   |  9 PagesThe Benefits of Affirmative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action has helped the income, promotion and labor force participation rates of both women and minorities. For example, between 1982 and 1995, the percentage of female managers and professionals in the U.S. rose from 40.5 to 48.0 percent; blacks from 5.5 to 7.5 percent, and Hispanics from 5.2 to 7.6 percent. By comparison, these groups form 51.2 percent, 12.6 percent, and 10.2 percent of the population, respectively. Progress has been steadyRead MoreAffirmative Action Should Not Have Any Real Benefits1844 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative action does not have any real benefits; on the contrary, it is detrimental to both minorities and students who would be passed over in favor of minorities. It runs contrary to the spirit of different treatment based on race. Any system where employees or students are selected based on race, and not qualifications, is deficient. All college and hiring criteria should be based solely on academic achievement, not any kind of racial preference. 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Finally the reactionsRead MoreThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Speech : Affirmative Action1043 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Affirmative Action Topic: The idea I want to talk about is the purpose of Affirmative Action in America, who it represents, and how it affects them. Purpose Statement: My speech will inform the audience about the objectives of affirmative action and how it benefits them. Audience Analysis: A. 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Affirmative action refers to admission policies, in this case put into effect by universities, that provide equal access to education for groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities. In his essay, Sandel asks whether it

Poetry Pr Essay Example For Students

Poetry Pr Essay Dover Beach Matthew Arnolds dramatic monologue titled Dover Beach (written in 1851/2 but publish In 1867) reveals the repetitive tragedy one can see when observing a natural wonder Like the ocean that Is a representation of all of life Itself as well as the newfound conflict of his time that was religion versus science. He expresses his observations of life and sadness by using personification and Imagery to depict a tranquil scene of the ocean only to have it disrupted by the loud rocks scraping and colliding with the shoreline, he also uses an allusion to Sophocles to bring forth evidence of this recognition of eternal sadness as not necessarily something new, he uses words like only and naked to show prove the vulnerability of man during this time of discovery, repetition is used in the next stanza with nor to further emphasize how lost man has truly become and how the world has turned into something so sinful. The structure of the poem starts with a beautiful setting leading up slowly to reveal a more discontented emotion hidden behind the beauty, approaching the end diction such as struggle confused and ignorant give off a sense of hopelessness not only in the world but In humanity and its lack of being bled to change whatever the future may hold. The speaker can be assumed to be Arnold, likely addressing this to his wife on their honeymoon; although one would think love and hope would be in the air at this moment according to the tone of Arnold there is nothing but misery to see, the negativity in Arnolds syntax reflects his views on society accurately, however this opinion is hidden under what would seem to be a lovely landscape but even with the tranquil sounds and soft moon the powerful waters are slowly eroding away the shore very similarly to science eroding religion. Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach is an undeniably depth-full work that displays imagery that should leave one calm and relaxed but rather leaves them feeling disgusted with the world, which is how Arnold felt with the world he was surrounded In, during this Victorian period everything was changing and little was being held sacred anymore In Arnolds eyes, while Arnold was not particularly a man of religion his Ideologies and politics were often reflected In his controversial works that would leave a lasting impression and an ideal time capsule to unveil opinions and thoughts contained during that period.

Little Red Riding Hood Revisited free essay sample

People often ask me about the large grey wolf hide I keep hanging above the fireplace. I will admit it does seem rather odd for a young girl to have such a thing, and I assure you that the story behind it is even stranger. A story I have told many times to guests and passers by, and I always get the same look of disbelief, but I assure that this story is as true as they come. Walking to my Grandmother’s house was not a strange occurrence for me I had done many times, only this time would be far different. I had no idea of the events that were to unfold as I opened the door and entered Grandmother’s cabin. Grandma, are you there? † I called out as I entered the cabin. I made sure to move cautiously so that I did not hit my knees on anything in the dark. We will write a custom essay sample on Little Red Riding Hood Revisited or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"I am in here darling. † I heard my Grandmother respond from the bedroom. I lit a lantern, and moved into the room where I found my grandmother lying peacefully in her bed. â€Å"Grandmother, I brought you fresh bread and vegetables from the market,† I exclaimed proudly as I removed my red overcoat and tossed it onto the rocking chair in the corner. â€Å"I will be back in a few minutes Grandmother. I am going to put on some stew, I hope you are hungry. â€Å"Oh, you have no idea, my dear. † My Grandmother said in somewhat of raspy whisper. â€Å"Grandmother, what is wrong with your voice? † â€Å"Oh nothing my dear, I think I am coming down with a bit of a cold. † Her voice, although sweeter than I remembered it, sounded forced and uncomfortable. Thinking nothing of it, I resumed my post, slicing vegetables and warming the broth over the fire. One by one as I finished making my cuts, I slid the slices into the broth, first the carrots, followed by onions and celery, and finally finishing with the tomatoes and potatoes. My stew was coming along nicely so I heated up some water on the side and began to boil tea leaves in a kettle to try and ease my grandmother’s sore throat and relieve her cold. â€Å"Red, how is everything going in there sweetie? † My grandmother queried anxiously from her comfortable perch in the bedroom. â€Å"Everything is coming along just fine Grandmother,† I replied, a little irritated. I had no idea why my Grandmother was in such a mood today, I had never seen her be this pushy and hurried. I stirred the stew one more and removed it from the fire in order to let it cool down as I made my grandmother a cup of tea. I ladled fresh hot soup into one of the bowls on my Grandmother’s counter, and then placed it along with a glass of tea on a wooden tray, and presented it to my Grandmother while she remained in bed in the dimly lit corner of the room. â€Å"Thank you my dear,† She said eerily. â€Å"I just don’t think I am in the mood for this stew. † â€Å"Grandmother, what are you talking about? † I exclaimed, â€Å"This is your favorite soup, you have made this soup for me since I was a little girl. † I paused and waited for a response but none was given. â€Å"Grandmother? † I peeped cautiously becoming more and more worried about what was going on. Grandmother? † I peeped again. Another long pause passed without as much as a whisper from Grandmother. I quickly grabbed the lantern that I had lit earlier and brought it close to the bed, shining as much light as I could on the growingly creepy situation. As I peered into my Grandmother’ s eyes, I noticed they looked strange. I looked closer, locked in her gaze, and, without even noticing, I whispered aloud, â€Å"Grandma, what big eyes you have. † â€Å"All the better to see you with my dear. † She answered in a strange tone that was as unfamiliar to me as her lack on interest in her favorite soup. Stranger still than her tone was the unmistakable largeness of her mouth, and even more so her teeth. I never remembered seeing her teeth that large. â€Å"Grandmother, what big teeth you have,† I muttered. â€Å"All the better to eat you with,† She replied. I gasped aloud as the shocking realization began to sweep over me. The loving Grandmother I had always known had been replaced by an unusually large wolf. I jumped out of the chair, and made a move for the door when the wolf, moving like lighting, blocked my path. â€Å"Why the rush? † asked the wolf slyly, with an air of arrogance. He quickly reached out for my throat, but underestimated me as I dodged and crawled through his legs. â€Å"You can’t run from me! † the wolf exclaimed as I used every once of energy I had to sprint through the front door and out into the forest. I could hear the loud crackling of breaking twigs and the scratch of the wolf’s claws against the hard frozen bark as he gave chase. I kept zigging and zagging, trying my hardest to remain a hard target for the wolf, but I could feel his breath getting closer and closer to my neck. Suddenly, in the distance I noticed an outline of a man, walking through the forest. I turned my sprint in his direction, and pumped my legs with everything they had left. With every step closer to the man, I felt more and more assured that I might yet live to see another day. â€Å"Help†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Help! † I yelled at the top of my lungs to the stranger in the distance. He turned around and I could see a lumberjack’s axe in his hands. I ran and ran, until finally I could reach out and grab the man. When I did, I turned around and noticed that the wolf was no longer behind me. â€Å"What is it, my dear? † The man asked in a calm voice as if not a single thing was out of place in the forest. Sir, a massive wolf has eaten my grandmother, and is chasing me. † I cried out as if my life depended on it. â€Å"Sweetheart, I see no wolf,† The man replied. Right at that exact moment, I noticed a large shadow over the man’s shoulder and looked up to see the wolf soaring through the air out of the trees. The wolf landed perfectly with it’s paws on my shoulders pinning me to the ground, but not attacking, just holding me there. â€Å"Oh, that wolf,† The man said calmly without so much as a hint of worry. â€Å"You did not tell me that you had met my pet. † â€Å"What are you talking about? † I sobbed loudly. Do you have any idea how hard it is to train a wolf? † The man jested. â€Å"Especially to train one to hide people’s relatives and lure little girls out to the forest. † â€Å"My Grandmother is alive? † I asked immediately. â€Å"Of course, she is. I have no taste for bitter old women. † The man seemed almost pleased with himself as one does when an elaborate plan comes together. â€Å"Enough of the small talk. † The man muttered casually. â€Å"Time to get you dressed out and ready for the dinner table. † I looked up, and watched as the man lined up the axe with my throat, and slowly raised it over his head. I had no choice but to close my eyes, and prepare myself for the inevitable. Just then, I heard the loud crack of a rifle, and looked up to see a horrifying grimace on the man’s face. I felt a drop hit my face as I noticed the red pool begin to grow on the man’s chest. His strength fading quickly, he dropped the axe. I reached up desperately, and grabbed the axe as it made its descent and caught it firmly in my hands. Rising to my feet I noticed the man lying on the ground clutching his chest and breathing heavily. Without so much as a moment’s hesitation, I drew the axe above my ead, and brought it swiftly down on the man’s neck, ending his suffering and life. I looked around frantically searching for the wolf, for I knew I wasn’t out of danger yet. Confirming my suspicions, I noticed the wolf running through the woods headed right for me, I raised the axe, ready to defend myself, when I heard another shot from a rifle, and watched as the wolf hit ground and slid to my feet dead. Shocked and relieved, I looked around for my savior. Camouflaged well I couldn’t find anyone. â€Å"Hello! † I shouted into the seemingly empty woods. My heart leapt with joy as I heard a familiar voice call back to me. Over here dear,† I ran toward the sound and looked upon the face with the familiar voice. â€Å"Grandma! † I shouted wildly. â€Å"I thought you were dead. † â€Å"Not at all dear, it would take more than an overgrown wolf to get the best of this old lady. † Surprised at this seemingly impossible turn of events, I went to ask her how this was possible, but all I could muster was a whimper. â€Å"I see you are shocked my dear, let me explain,† She said, calm as could be. My Grandmother then told me the story of how the wolf had taken her to a cave and left her there, presumably to take post in her bed. What the wolf and the hunter had not known was that Grandma was a widow, and had to fend for herself in the woods. She had been hunting this forest since she was a young woman some 25 years ago. That night Grandma and I ate quite a stew complete with wolf meat. Dinner was over and the dishes were clean, and, as Grandma sat by the fire cleaning her rifle, I relaxed after a hectic day in the rocking chair and dozed off under the warmth of my brand new cloak, a long over-sized wolf pelt which I gladly wore over my old red one.

Acanthostega - Facts and Figures

Acanthostega - Facts and Figures Name: Acanthostega (Greek for spiky roof); pronounced ah-CAN-tho-STAY-gah Habitat: Rivers and swamps of the northern latitudes Historical Period: Late Devonian (360 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Probably fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Stubby legs; long tail; eight digits on front flippers About Acanthostega One of the best-known of all the Devonian tetrapodsthe first, lobe-finned fish that climbed up out of the water and onto dry landAcanthostega nevertheless seems to have represented a dead end in the evolution of early vertebrates, the giveaway being that this creature had eight primitive digits on each of its stubby front flippers, compared to the modern standard of five. Also, despite its classification as an early tetrapod, its possible to oversell the extent to which Acanthostega was a land animal. To judge by certain anatomical featuressuch as its fish-like teeth and the lateral line sensory apparatus running along the length of its slender bodythis tetrapod probably spent most of its time in shallow water, using its rudimentary legs only to crawl from puddle to puddle. Theres another, alternate, explanation for Acanthostegas anatomy: perhaps this tetrapod didnt walk, or crawl, at all, but rather used its eight-digit forelimbs to navigate weed-choked swamps (during the Devonian periods, land plants began, for the first time, to shed leaves and other detritus into nearby pools of water) in pursuit of prey. In this case, the forelimbs of Acanthostega would be a classic example of pre-adaptation: they didnt evolve specifically for the purpose of walking on land, but came in handy (if youll excuse the pun) when later tetrapods, descended from Acanthostega, finally made that evolutionary leap. (This scenario would also account for Acanthostegas internal gills, as well as its weak ribs, which made it unable to poke its chest fully out of the water.)

Argumentative Essay The Basics

Argumentative Essay The Basics How to Write Argumentative Essays Argumentative essay writing requires that one is able to convince reasonable readers that their argument or position has merit.  The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. It is one thing to have an opinion and another to be able to argue it successfully. What Is an Argumentative Essay? An argumentative essay is a genre of writing that aims at investigating an issue, taking a stand on an issue, generating and evaluating a multitude of evidence in a logical manner to support the overall claim. An argument essay is therefore meant to persuade people to think the same way you do i.e. convincing the reader to agree with the writer’s point of view. While making an argument in academic writing, we aim at expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with logical evidence. We all use arguments at some time in our daily routines, and you probably have some know-how at crafting an argument. The verbal arguments we occasionally engage in can become unreasonable and heated losing the focus. The goal of an argumentative essay, however, is quite the opposite as the argument has to be specific, reasoned, detailed and supported with evidence. Argumentative Essays by We offer top class argumentative essays, written by industrys top professionals. Whatever the subject, topic, complexity level, we can do it for you. We guarantee you: On time delivery Totally original writing (no plagiarism) 24/7 customer support Clear well-researched arguments Neat essay structure Free references bibliography Visit our order page to submit your instructions and we will start working on your paper immediately. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact our customer support they are always happy to assist you! Difference between an Argumentative and Persuasive Essay Well, some confusion may occur between the difference of argumentative essay and persuasive essay. Though both essays aim to present a particular point of view, they are both different in how they get their points across and why. A persuasive essay is mostly one-sided and uses passion and emotion to attempt to sway the reader’s loyalty. Argumentative essays, on the other hand, are more structured and try to look at critical issues from multiple angles. Structure of an Argumentative Assay The only way to writing a captivating argumentative essay is to understand the structure so as to stay focused and make a strong point. 1. The Introduction The introductory paragraph sets the stage for the position you are arguing for in your essay. It’s made up of a hook, background information, and a thesis statement. The Hook A hook is a sentence that is meant to capture the reader’s attention. As a writer, you need a strong hook that should knock your reader’s socks off and set an expectation of what they are reading. For example if I am writing an argumentative essay about why American people should start eating insects as part of their diet, my hook could be, â€Å"For those interested in improving their diets as part of their resolution this year, you may want to reduce your chicken, fish and beef intake and say hello to eating insects.† Background information The next part of your introduction is dedicated to offering some detailed background information about your topic. It gives the reader the necessary information he/she needs to understand your position. This is required to understand the argument by answering questions such as, what is the issue at hand, where is the issue prevalent and why is it important? Thesis statement When making a thesis statement for your argumentative essay, you clearly state your position on the topic and a reason for taking that stance. For example, â€Å"A diet of insects can provide solutions to issues of starvation, obesity and climate change thus Americans should embrace and learn to rely on insects over beef, chicken and fish as their primary source of nutrition.† The reader needs to know what exactly the argument is and why it is important. 2. Developing an argument You now have to back up your argument with credible evidence. This is the heart of your essay and needs to be started off with a general statement that is backed with specific details or examples. Depending on the length of your essay, you will need to include two or three well-explained paragraphs to each reason or type of evidence. The use of opinions from recognized authorities and first-hand examples and scientific knowledge on your topic of discussion will help readers to connect to the debate in a way they wouldn’t with the use of abstract ideas. 3. Refuting opponent’s arguments/claims At this point, you state your opponent’s views then offer a counter argument. A well written argumentative essay must anticipate and address positions in the opposition. This will make your position more convincing and stronger. Additionally, pointing out what your opponent is likely to say in response to your argument shows that you have taken the time to critically analyze and prepare your topic. 4. The conclusion This is the section of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Emphasize why the issue is so important, review the main points and review your thesis statement. Make the reader think about the ramifications of your argument by showing what would happen if people acted as per your position. Closing the argumentative essay with a clear picture of the world as you would like to see it can leave the reader convinced that your argument is valid. What Makes Your Argumentative Essay Successful? To write an effective argumentative essay, you should find a topic that you are interested in and one that offers two sides of an issue rather than giving an absolute answer. For instance, it is impossible to make an argumentative essay about how 4+4=8. However, you could argue for days about contentious topics like GMOs, homosexuality, gun control etc. Further, the topic should be narrow in focus so that detailed, substantial evidence can be presented. For example, writing an argumentative essay on World War II can seem vague as the topic is too broad. Finally, the writer should take a stance and stick with it. The reader should be able to determine easily what position you are advocating for in the essay. The Do’s and Don’ts of Argumentative Essay Writing Do’s Use passionate and convincing language. Illustrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic under discussion. Back up your statements with facts, statistic, examples and informed opinions of experts who agree with you. Address the opposing side’s argument and refute their claims. Demonstrate a lack of bias. Take a stand and don’t confuse your readers. Donts Refrain from using weak qualifiers like ‘I think, I believe, I guess’, as this will only reduce the level of trust the reader has in your opinion. Don’t assume that the audience will agree with you about any aspect of your argument. Don’t use strict moral or religious claims as support for your argument. Don’t claim to be an expert if you are not one. No strong personal expressions must be used as it weakens the grounds of your essay, like saying, ‘Mr. Chris is ignorant.’ Do not introduce new points while making your conclusion. There are lots of argumentative essay topics to write about if you think about it. Choose a topic that matters to you and make a strong case on the topic using the above guidelines.   

Analysis of Accounts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Accounts - Case Study Example This report presents an analysis of Margate plc’s financial performance in the past five years while comparing it with industry peer, Herne Bay Ltd. In addition to this, the report also presents an analysis of cash flows of the company during the past 2 years and at the same time states how financial ratio analysis may not be effective enough for presenting an accurate and useful financial analysis for analysts and investors. At the end of the report, conclusion and recommendations are presented for High Deen plc as far as investment in Margate plc is concerned. Financial Ratio Analysis Based on the information provided in relation to the financial performance of Margate plc in 2012 and 2011, following is an analysis of it performance through selected financial ratios. The financial ratios presented below also take into consideration the ratios determined for the company for the financial years 2010, 2009 and 2008. In addition to this, for conducting a comparative analysis of the company with its competitor, ratios for Herne Bay Ltd have also been determined for the years 2012 and 2011. Return on Capital Employed The return on capital employed for Margate plc increased in 2011 due to significant increase in the revenues but then in 2012 with a decline in revenue, the ratio declined. On the other hand, one other reason for this decline is increase in the total capital employed by the company, which ultimately reduced this ratio. However, while comparing Margate plc’s return on capital employed with the Herne Bay Ltd’s ROCE, it can be observed that the company has almost maintained its position in relation to its competitor (Peterson & Fabozzi, 2012; Jiambalvo, 2010; Helfert, 2001). Ratio Margate plc Herne Bay Ltd

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example This is a secondary source. This book stressed that parenting style affects children’s emotional and social development. It explored different parenting styles. Using several studies, it showed that authoritative parenting is effective in raising children with positive attitudes and prosocial behaviors. Bernstein (2011) noted the limitations of these studies, including their inability to find cause-and-effect connections and they did not sufficiently include the individual traits of children in their research designs. He emphasized that the fit between parenting style and children’s individual traits will determine the most successful parenting style. Bornstein, M.H., and Zlotnik, D. (2009). Parenting styles and their effects. In J.B. Benson (Ed.), Social and emotional development in infancy and early childhood (pp.280-293). California: Academic Press. This is a secondary source. This chapter reviewed parenting styles and their outcomes on children’s development. It discussed the causes of parenting styles. It showed that authoritative parenting is the most successful parenting style in raising socially responsible and successful children, at least among European American children. This chapter explained the particular characteristics of authoritative parenting that improved the outcomes for children, where the main point is that these parents are more equipped to manage stress and to discipline their children. Evans, W. (2012, April 1). Authoritative parenting is best for young adults, studies say. Deseret News. Retrieved from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765565085/Authoritative-parenting-is-best-for-young-adults-studies-say.html?pg=all This is a secondary source. It summarized the findings of a study from Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Findings showed that authoritative parenting is best for adolescents because the latter want some space to exert their free will and to make decisions on their own. Children from permissive and authoritarian

Right to Education - Hurdles in Implementation Essay Example for Free

Right to Education Hurdles in Implementation Essay The Right to Education Act brought in its wake a new hope for universalization of education in the country. The children of the underprivileged section of the society who were deprived of this basic right can now demand it as their fundamental right. This does not appear to be just our problem but a general one across the country. Even in West Bengal according to the article in Teacher Plus (February 2010 issue) `What a clean toilet can do†, out of 1. 04 crore children who enroll in class 1, only 14. 05 lakh make it to secondary school – a shocking 90% drop out! There is a dropout rate of 4% at the primary level, 19% between classes 6 and 8, and 50% at the high school level. So, barely 25% of those who enroll at the class 1 level get to class 10! If at the primary level the child’s foundation is so weak she cannot survive at higher levels. Central Government figures show that 12 million children are engaged in child labour and out of school. Starting April 1 education is the right of every child in India but the Right to Education Act has not made any specific provision to bring the child labourers back into regular school. Seven-year-old Anil Patel doesnt go to school. He works with his parents on a small piece of land 70 kms from Ahmedabad. His parents say they could not afford the school fee. Even if I decide to teach him, where will I fund his expenses from? asks Anils father Narsinh Patel. After the sowing season is over, the Patels move to Ahmedabad as migrant labourers for six months and take Anil with them. The seven-year-old doesnt know what hes missing out on. Having spent most of his life away from school he says he doesnt want to attend class. I dont want to go to school. The teachers used to beat me up, he says. Like Anil, Kakali Baidya was also denied the right to education. The 14-year-old was studying in class 1 when her family moved to Kolkata for work. The shift cost Kakali her education and the city made her a domestic help. The Right to Education Act which makes elementary education compulsory for 6-14 year old aims to better the lives of children. But what about those like Anil and Kakali and other children working as labourers, as domestic help? The government needs to recruit 20 lakh teachers to successfully implement the Right to Education Act, Union Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal said on Monday. The implementation of the Act was a difficult task and the only solution would be to hire teachers even if they did not have the required qualification. by the end of the 11th [Five-Year] Plan, India will be fully connected with 22,000 colleges and 480 universities. We hope to connect all schools in a similar fashion by the end of the 12th Plan as well. Prime Minister Manmohan Singhs commitment to build 6,500 ‘model schools in backward areas; of these, 3,000 would be developed through public-private-partnership investment. 70 per cent of the workforce not having cleared the primary class exam and only 5-7 per cent having skills as opposed to 95 per cent in the developed world, advancement in human resource is the focal objective of the nation right now. With the human resource meltdown that is taking place globally, India holds the key to filling the huge demographic deficit by technically arming its people

Teachers and Computers :: Technology Education Essays

Teachers and Computers: The Task Ahead Our world is becoming increasingly dependent on technology. In factories, offices, highways, and homes, one can find a plethora of machines in use. It makes sense then, that one would find some of the same technology in the schools. There is an obvious need for incorporating technology into the schools and curriculum. The task ahead for today’s educators is to learn how to use computers efficiently, develop a technology team in their school, and successfully include computer-based instruction in their classroom. The purpose of this paper is to present a process for bringing computers and teaching together. The first step is to educate the educators. A surprising number of teachers have very limited computer and technological skills. It is ridiculous to think that someone who is technologically inexperienced could teach a lesson involving multimedia presentations or computer simulations. The first standard of the National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) states that teachers need to â€Å"demonstrate introductory knowledge, skills, and understanding of concepts related to technology† (NETS 9) There are eight basic types of technology with which educators need to be familiar. Each one provides a different educational benefit. A word processor encourages editing. Multimedia presentation software provides for different learning styles. Drill and practice software helps to reinforce things that the students have learned. A database helps students find the information that they need. Simulations provide a fun and effective way to learn, in which students take on role s in a story or event. Spreadsheets allow the user to perform several calculations at the same time for easy comparison. Tutorials work well for a group with diverse learning abilities because it provides self-paced instruction. The eighth and final basic technology type is telecollaboration over the internet. This allows students to experience parts of the world that they may never see. With all this technology available the question becomes, how are the teachers going to learn to use it all? The key word here is professional development. Professional development is â€Å"collaboration between partners to provide opportunities for teachers to strengthen their ability to contribute to the students they serve† (George 311). There are many ways teachers can strengthen their ability to contribute to students. One of which is attending seminars.

Film Methodologies †Point Break (1991) Essay

Many different methodologies are vital when examining film. Different aspects and methods of cinema analysis provide critics and audiences with various approaches to establishing certain genres or films. This essay will examine the specific methodologies of the action genre, a consideration of the art cinema and an auteur study. These styles are recognized in Kathryn Bigelow’s Point Break (1991) which provides strong examples of these techniques. An action film is commonly recognized by audiences. The action film portrays strong characteristics and identifiable elements unique to the action genre. Fights, stunts, cars, foot chases, sex appeal and explosions are fundamental sequences of the action genre whereas; character development and well thought-out plot lines are often overlooked. The action genre therefore develops a stereotype that characterizes a film by incorporating such certain elements. Bigelow’s Point Break is stereotypically an action film, as it embodies these, and many more aspects essential to the action genre. Many events in Point Break centre on powerful adrenaline pumping action sequences. Fighting takes place frequently and in many different environments. These situations build tension and provide entertainment. Fist fighting is not the only conflict confronted in Bigelow’s film. Shootouts involving rifles, pistols and shotguns are believed to be essential classics to a good action film. The predominant theme of bank robbery incorporates a mixed bag of violence, weapons and aggressive language. These events evoke powerful emotions from all characters on-screen, creating stronger action elements. Stunts involving explosions intrigue audiences. The imagery of a building or car exploding into the air is typically high intensity action. The situation before, during and after such events provides compelling entertainment. High spectacle stunts and effects are commonplace in the action genre such as Point Break. Both car and foot pursuits are worth noting in the films action archive. High speed car chases deliver an adrenaline and intensity only action audiences are frequent too. This intensity in Bigelow’s film heightens during the foot chase between Reeves and Swayze. Finally, sex appeal and the portrayal of the human body in the film, provides a core of entertainment in Point Break. Through its social theme of surfing and its objectification of both topless men and women, the genre contributes to its already profound stenotype. We must consider these themes in relation to an action genre study to entirely understand and examine and analyze the film Point Break; however, these are not the only themes and features to consider when establishing methodologies specific to the action genre. There are elements of art house technique evident in Bigelow’s Point Break. Although typically an action genre film, it not only controls emotion, mood and style through themes and events on screen but also through its use of audio and visual manipulation. Focusing on visual styles Bigelow echoes a complexity, often introducing elements resembling art house aesthetics. The less conventional filming methods utilized in Point Break reveals an array of long shots, point of view shots, use of intensified continuity and quick cutting. The films themes primarily revolve around the typical action genre story which provides the film with a lot of its power. However, it is worth taking into account what and how these art cinema traits take affect to an audience in Bigelow’s film. Long shots, usually of conversations frequently occur throughout Point Break. These shots sustain a level of depth many other films lack in the action genre. For example, during the fourth scene there is a long pan between Reeves and his partner. This could be used as a rendition of the conventional shot-reverse-shot film technique. The camera moves from left ? right slowly however, because the camera is moving on a semi circle dolly track, we are able to view the conversation from an array of different angles. This stops the need for frequent cutting between shots and shot sizes. Long takes and shot size manipulation are well known examples of art cinema examples in Point Break. Although not common in the action genre, they are uniquely obvious in this film. A framed long shot of Reeves and Swayze stays stationary as they walked towards camera, however the camera continues to frame them from long wide shot ? mid shot. This is very interesting as conventional cinema pieces tend to change shot angles and sizes frequently to make their films visually entertaining. Handheld point of view (POV) shots balance emotion and intensity with reality. Through the use of first person perspectives, Bigelow is truly able to direct audience’s attention and emotions. This method of filmmaking provides a uniquely odd action characteristic. Bank robbery is one of the main themes in Bigelow’s Point Break. The intense topic of armed robbery and violence creates powerful emotions. Intensified continuity and frame cutting allows Bigelow’s film to multiply tension and fear while its being played out onscreen. Shot sizes change repeatedly giving strength to specific visual keys and detail. Bigelow’s attention to vision extends to even the smallest technical details in Point Break. Thus scenes of heightened intensity can not only be controlled by what characters and events are taking place, but that of the camera movement and sound direction. These are the technical elements of art cinema throughout Point Break. Finally, by examining the auteur study of Point Break we must analyze the films director and creative owner. In this auteur study we will examine Kathryn Bigelow, her previous works and inspirations in tie to Point Break. The director was born in California in 1952 and is one of the only female directors to achieve successful Hollywood fame. Her films usually concern the male dominated arena of big budget action cinema. Bigelow has been noted to revise genres similar to violence, voyeurism and sexual politics. Point Break’s genre mix of bank robbery and surfing makes it obvious that Bigelow has a desire to consistently approach and push cinematic boundaries. Her marriage to big time director James Cameron could have provided Bigelow with a stepping stone into the industries top elite. Bigelow first entered the cinema by way of the art world. Her flair for traditional masculine genres in respect to Point Break is exampled by her previous works such as Blue Steel (1990) and art house film The Loveless (1981). Both films clearly represent Bigelow’s style of masculinity action mixed with art house cinema. Bigelow is essentially an important contemporary auteur. In conclusion, methodologies are vital when examining film. Throughout this essay we have analyzed the action genre, a consideration of art cinema and an auteur study. All these methodologies are recognized in Kathryn Bigelow’s Point Break (1991). By concluding with these studies we have deduced that different aspects and methods of cinema analysis provide critics and audiences with various approaches when establishing genre and film. References Allon, Y. Patterson, H. Cullen, D. Contemporary North American Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide. n/a. Published: Wallflower Press n/a. 2003. {http://qqq. cercles. com/review/r11/jermyn. html} n/a {http://movies. yahoo. com/movie/contributor/1800091098/bio} A Strange Gaze. {http://www. popmatters. com/pm/books/reviews/39697/cinema-of-kathryn-bigelow/} 5. 10. 07

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract: The main aim of this assignment is to design a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is fed from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz and should have an adjustable volume control. The expected gain of the amplifier is 100.First we are going to design an amplifier for given specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer aided design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the working of the circuit by hardware implementation. Then, we will plot the frequency response of the circuit and analyze the effect of the emitter bypass capacitor. Finally we will compare the mid-band gain, bandwidth and lower cutoff frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed values. Chapter 1Introduct ion: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal device with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN junctions (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible ways of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are reverse biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter base junction should be forward biased and the collector base junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify signals applied to its input terminal. If an AC signal is given to a transistor amplifier it will produce an AC base current. This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage in the active region of operations.DC load line is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating points of a transistor biasing drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a voltage divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a voltage divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temperature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point unstable. Whereas in voltage divider bias c ircuit, IC is independent of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single power supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description: The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. Design Specifications: Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor – NPN We will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to carry out the design.We will start the design by calculating the values of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the values of the two coupling capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will assemble the circuit using approximate values of the calculated ones. Finally, we will compare the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Design: Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 1 – Circuit Diagram Step1 – Selection of Transistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC): The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the desired voltage gain. Therefore, we will us e Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will choose 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor: Q2N2222Supply Voltage: VCC = 12 V Collector Current: IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 – DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 – Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE): VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC – VE – VCE = 12 – 6 – 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 – Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2: ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 – AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 – Design of RE1 and RE2: RE = RE1 + RE2 Rout = Rc || RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? r'e = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routr'e+RE1 r'e+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 – r'e = 10 – 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE – RE1 = 300 – 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 – Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2: hie = Rin (base) = ? (r'e+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 || R2 || Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4  µF XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 – Design of Bypass Capacitor CE: R’S = R1 || R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 ||{ R’S ? + (r'e+RE1)} = 296. 5 ||{ 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5)} = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5  µF Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 – Circuit Diagram with values Simulation Results: With CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 334 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 20. 6 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 20. 6 M – 334 = 20. 6 MHz Without CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 46 M – 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details: During circuit assembling process we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used: RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4  µF we selected10  µF C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5  µF we selected147  µF Procedure: . Assembled the circuit on a breadboard and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed the output waveform in the CRO and noted down the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. Calculated the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. Plotted the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results: With CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 182| 18. 2| 25. 20| 2. 0| 500| 662| 66. 2| 36. 42| 2. 7| 1 k| 750| 75. 0| 37. 50| 3. 0| 5 k| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 3. 7| 10 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 0| 50 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 7| 100 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 0| 500 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 7| 1 M| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 6. 0| 2 M| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 6. 3| 5 M| 770| 77. 0| 37. 73| 6. 7| 10 M| 728| 72. 8| 37. 24| 7. 0| 50 M| 344| 34. 4| 30. 73| 7. 7| 100 M| 182| 18. 2| 25. 0| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 17. 78 M – 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 12| 1. 2| 1. 58| 2. 0| 500| 32| 3. 2| 10. 10| 2. 7| 1 k| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 3. 0| 5 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 3. 7| 10 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 0| 50 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 7| 100 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 0| 500 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 7| 1 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 0| 2 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 3| 5 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 7| 10 M| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 7. 0| 50 M| 26| 2. 6| 8. 0| 7. 7| 100 M| 18| 1. 8| 5. 10| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 39. 81 M – 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion: * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely different than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main component in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor configuration we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. Unlike other configurat ions, CE amplifier exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the process of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We preferred using a voltage divider bias cir cuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd therefore the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal round the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routr'e+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emit ter and ground and effectively add to r'e in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routr'e+RE1+RE2 . * r'e is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on r'e, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routr'e ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when r'e increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of r'e without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the total emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than r'e to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is less than r'e and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is somehow useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher frequencies, a capacitor will act as a s hort circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amplifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in parallel with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especially for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow acceptable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think it’s the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routr'e+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References: 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L . Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics  (2004)  Common Emitter Amplifier,[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html [Accessed: 20th Nov 2011]. 4. Scribd  (2006)  Common Emitter Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier [Accessed: 25th Nov 2011]. 5. Visionics  (2005)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. visionics. ee/curriculum/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html [Accessed: 1st Nov 2011]. 6. SSIT  (2006)  Analog Electronic Circuits,  [online] Available at: http://www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf [Accessed: 5th Nov 2011]. 7. Edutalks  (2007)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf [Accessed: 7th Nov 2011].

Delving into macbeth essays

Delving into macbeth essays Macbeths character and the changes he undergoes can be traced throughout the events of Shakespeares The Tragedy of Macbeth. He begins the play as a good man who has just taken up the reputation of a valiant man who has done well for his country. However, with one single act of killing the king, he brings about his downfall. Macbeths deterioration in morality and plagued feelings of guilt and fear dominate his character as he stumbles towards his death. Macbeth is first introduced as a nobleman who had just saved Scotland from the Norwegian king and successfully subdued two rebellions. He is portrayed as brave Macbeth, one who has valiantly killed many enemies, whose sword smoked with bloody execution, and is even associated with the goddess of war, Belonas Bridegroom. Such successes won over favor from the king and a promising future. The positive image that Macbeth is presented through is quickly challenged, and his ambitious nature to aspire to become king is revealed after he hears the prophecies of the witches that he would become Thane of Cawdor and even king. The first prophecy, of being Thane of Cawdor was immediately fulfilled after the witches left Macbeth, which led him to believe that it was possible for him to become king. This reveals that Macbeth may possibly have longed for the throne, but had never seriously considered it, but with some encouragement, he is ready to seize the position of the king. However Macbeth is revealed as an innately good man through his soliloquy in contemplating the murder of the king. Such horrible imaginings are so atrocious to him that he feels smothered in surmise, and unable to function normally throughout the day. Despite the effects of the horrid thoughts of murder that plague Macbeth, he is found to be continually lost in the contemplation of murder. He himself is ashamed of such thoughts, henc...

15 Color Terms

15 Color Terms 15 Color Terms 15 Color Terms By Mark Nichol Words describing the qualities of color can confuse because they sometimes but not always overlap or are even interchangeable. Here’s a roster of color terms with definitions. 1. Cast: a change in appearance or color by adding one color over another; also, multiple senses of assigning, depositing, directing, shaping, spreading, turning, or twisting 2. Chroma: a combination of hue and saturation (see definitions below), or synonymous with saturation 3. Chromaticity: the quality of color based on wavelength and purity 4. Coloration: the condition of coloring, as in skin tone, an arrangement of colors, or the choice or use of colors 5. Colorway: a color or arrangement of colors 6. Contrast: the degree of difference in colors or light and dark, or their juxtaposition 7. Hue: color, gradation of color, or the characteristic that distinguishes one color from another 8. Pigmentation: coloration caused by the presence of a pigment, a substance that produces a color (or black and white) in a material 9. Saturation: purity of color; also, the state of being thoroughly wet, or heavy infiltration 10. Shade: a color produced by a mixture that includes black dye or pigment, or a color somewhat distinct from another, or, as a verb, to produce such a color; also, various meanings associated with the blocking or minimizing of light 11. Tincture: synonymous with color; also, a trace in a mixture 12. Tinge: color spread or stained over another color, or, as a verb, to spread or stain one color over another; also, a figurative sense of a light touch or effect, or, as a verb, to touch or effect lightly 13. Tint: a pale or slight coloration, or lighter or darker variations of a color, or, as a verb, to produce such an effect; also, a slight difference, or hair dye 14. Tone: a quality of color, or a shade, tint, or value (see definitions) 15. Value: the lightness or darkness of a color, or the difference in lightness and darkness Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.The Difference Between "will" and "shall"The Uses of â€Å"The†

Law and Human Trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law and Human Trafficking - Essay Example The immigration laws that should prevent trafficking are not stringent thereby, creating the conducive environment that encourages human trafficking (Theresa 275). This has increased the cases of Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC). Human trafficking has also been on the rise because some of the officers working at the immigration offices and the Office of Refugee and Resettlement (ORR) are also involved in the evil act of human trafficking because of the huge profits that accrue to them from the sale of the children and the adults. This as noted by the US house Judiciary chairman Rep. Bob Goodlatte, makes over 90% of the UACs cases not being presented to the courts for justice to be sought for the victims (Theresa 275). It is, therefore, important to note that human trafficking has become a crisis because of the laxity in the enforcement of the trafficking laws, not in the absence of the laws.United Nations Definition of Human Trafficking  Human trafficking is considered a serious crime and gross violation of human rights, therefore United Nations have been in the forefront in trying to assist the United States and the affected countries in preventing human trafficking through the implementation of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. This aims at preventing, suppressing and punishers the traffickers (Shelley 115). According to the United Nations definition of Human Trafficking, Article 3, of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol provides the definition of Human Trafficking as â€Å"recruitment, transportation.

Roles, Relationships and Responsibilities in Lifelong learning Essay

Roles, Relationships and Responsibilities in Lifelong learning - Essay Example The religious teachings must not be aimed at spreading the lessons of a particular religion to influence the idea, thoughts and beliefs of the learners. Such acts of religious teaching are prohibited by the law. The teachings of different religion and faith are, however, not prohibited. The teaching of religious education should not be biased and should give equal respect to the faith and belief of all the religions. The regulatory requirements although imposes limitations on the schools to impart religious education on a particular belief or faith but allows flexibility to the teaching of religious education in the terms of the time and process of exploration of religious ideas and beliefs for dissemination to the learners. The codes of practice for teaching of religious education offers liberty to the teachers of religious education to engage into teaching of as many religious lessons and faith to the students but disallows confinement or stress on a particular religion. Thus the r ole of teachers is very important in developing a non-biased environment during the process of teaching. There is ample scope of questions related to values of life in religious teaching. The codes of practice allow teachers to address such question in an effective manner in order to impart complete teachings in the field of religious education. ... The promotion of equality and valuation of diversity in religious teachings is a key area of responsibility for the teachers. The teachers should be responsible in imparting the religious beliefs of all faith to learners. The strength of religious teachings lies in the inclusive aspect of the field. The teachers are responsible for non-discrimination of primary or specific religion among the vast field of religious ideas and beliefs. The learners should have the freedom to question on any aspect of religion keeping due respect to the teachings of other religions as well. The students irrespective of their notions on different religions and culture should be treated equally by the teachers. The students should have the freedom to raise the queries on the subject. The teachers should distribute equal emphasis to the teachings of all religion in order to attain equality in religious teachings. The weakness factor is presented by the aspect of diversity in religious teaching. Thus the te acher also has the responsibility of managing diversity in religious teachings. The teacher should be able to value diversified ideas and beliefs of different religions. The fundamentals of various religious faiths should be clearly explained to the learners. The responsibilities of the teacher demand avoidance of any bias and value the diversified ideas by developing a comprehensive study of religious teachings. These are the factors that influence the responsibility of the teachers in achieving equality and valuing diversity in religious teachings (Gravells and  Simpson, p.56). Evaluation of roles and responsibilities in the Lifelong learning The evaluation of roles and

Community Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Communication - Essay Example He wondered such, because of the diffusion of cities created due to the stage of industrial revolution and unsettled west. Another scholar that set out to find the relation between community and communication was Gabriel Tarde in the 1980s. According to him, public opinion is a means of collective community which is controlled and arranged by the media (Katz, 1991). Furthering the previous thought, Bowes (1997) confirms that this relationship further gained strength in the 1920s and thus has now become indivisible. According to this study, for a collective action, communication between citizens and individuals is an important function for initiating a combined action, with the collective action being stimulated and expressed through the media. Of course, when it comes to finding the relation between these two variables, it is obvious to understand the definition of community. According to Hillary (1955), community can be explained in 94 ways. However, three essential components can b e found in the explanation of this variable. Beginning with a person involved in a specific community contact, the author mentioned geographic area as the second component with the common ties completing the collection. Bracht (1990) also revolves around the same concept of community. According to this study, a community can be explained as a cluster of individuals that share the same ethics, ideals and institutions. Further adding to the definitions, the author explained interpersonal relationships, culture and social groups as the interdependent basic components. Therefore, the above mentioned components work collectively towards a common good. This means that these components are a food for the community that are intellectual and conscious in nature and is thus a highly necessary requirement Dewey (1946). Bell and Newby (1971) added more to the definition and stated that communities have nowadays adopted a virtual nature. According to this study, the idea of a physical space has currently adopted a less physical approach of communication. Nonetheless, the relation between community and communication remains intact. Where traditionally the use of broadcast and print media was at its peak, the introduction of the computer based era and the enhancement of development and interactive media have positively worked towards eliminating the geographical constraints in communication. The virtual temperament of the media used two basic tools; the internet and direct broadcast satellites. Therefore, it becomes imperative to mention at this stage that after adopting the virtual mode, the communication media not simply aid the traditional community, rather it aids to the change in the entire definition of it (Bowes, 1997). According to Berrigan (May 1979), there is always the risk of importance in considering communication. That is, it is the author’s firm belief that although communication media is an effective tool in affecting the community, the role of the med ia is highly exaggerated. The study also stated that the media revolves around precedence in its importance. For the role of communication to be effective, it must be understood that it can never work alone. The media, in spite of its role in not the only factor that can bring changes to the community, the organizational, social and political structures also play a vital role that need to be identified. As the international communication association (May 2012) states; as our perceptions regarding the organizational, personal and social communities are undergoing massive changes, the boundaries and peripheries are becoming

Treating Alzheimers Disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE)

Treating Alzheimers Disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE) ACE Alzheimers: An adjuvant strategy of treating Alzheimers disease with Vitamin A, C E (ACE) ABSTRACT Alzheimers disease (AD) is a chronic and slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder which has become a major concern with regards to health, worldwide. This disorder is characterised by progressive dementia and cognitive decline. Pathologically, AD is characterised by the presence of AÃŽÂ ² plaques and tau neurofibrils. However, literature has shown that oxidative stress is one of the most important risk factor behind the cause of AD. Oxidative stress often leads to production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which further increases structural and functional abnormalities in neurons of the brain, which subsequently, presents as dementia and cognitive decline. In order, to curb the oxidative stress, antioxidants can be of great help. There have been many evidences that supports the use of antioxidants in the treatment for AD. Vitamins A, C and E are an example of antioxidants that can be used as adjuvants in the treatment of AD. This article will focus on current literature and will present forward the evidence based advantages of using Vitamin A, C and E as an adjuvant treatment for AD. Keywords: Antioxidants, ACE, Adjuvant therapy. INTRODUCTION A clinical psychiatrist and neuroanatomist, Alois Alzheimer, reported A peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex to the 37th Meeting of South-West German Psychiatrists in Tubingen, thus marking the discovery of one of the most interesting pathologies in medicine Alzheimers disease. His invention was based on the observations in one his patient named Auguste D, suffering from profound memory loss, unfounded suspicions about her family, and additional worsening psychological changes. Her post mortem findings further revealed dramatic shrinkage of the brain and abnormal deposits in and encircling the nerve cells [1]. AD has proven to be a significant public health issue, as it consumes a major amount of heath budget in developed as well as developing countries. AD has become one of the leading causes of dementia in patients less than 65 years, other causes being Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), vascular dementia (VaD) and alcohol associated dementia [2]. United States alone has documented a $200 billion annual expenditure on patients affected by AD. Moreover, one person develops Alzheimers dementia every 68 seconds emphasizing the incidence of the disease [3]. Dementia can be defined as a chronic progressive disorder marked by memory deficits, personality changes, and impaired reasoning. Results from population-based studies have shown a significant relationship between the certain risk factors and development of AD. Increased risk was shown with an increase in age, fewer years of education, and head trauma. Genetic factors do contribute to the early development of AD increased risk with mutations on chromosome 21 (cases of downs syndrome) as it carries the amyloid precursor protein, the presence of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele and the presenilin 1 and 2 genes. The strongest factor identified till date are the apolipoprotein E genes located on chromosome 19 which exists in three forms ÃŽÂ µ2, ÃŽÂ µ3, and ÃŽÂ µ4. ÃŽÂ µ2 has been found to reduce the risk, ÃŽÂ µ3 is found to be neutral whereas ÃŽÂ µ4 has been associated with a tremendous increase in risk as well as early development of symptoms (Figure 1) [4]. Chromosome Genes 21 AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN 19 APOLIPOPROTEIN E 14 PRESENILIN 1 1 PRESENILIN 2 Figure 1. Genetic factors causing a risk to develop Alzheimers Ad is difficult to differentiate from other causes of dementia like LBD, FTD and Vad [5]. It may present with dysfunction of various fields such as vision, touch voluntary movements, personality deficits and judgemental disorders depending upon the area of the brain affected [6].The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimers disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA) has proposed a diagnostic criteria for differentiating between AD and other known causes of dementia. In compliance with NINCDS/ADRDA , AD is diagnosed if: (I) Cognitive functions decline progressively over a period of time including/ not including memory impairment or (Ia) Inability to understand language and verbal commands (aphasia); (Ib) Loss of ability to accomplish tasks due to incoordination of muscles (apraxia); (Ic) Failure to recognise previously known objects and loss of ability to use them(agnosia); (Id) Unable to plan, organise and execute dail y chores; (II) All above mentioned under I do get progressively deteriorated with time; (III) Other known causes of dementia as well as cognitive deterioration must be eliminated [6,7]. Neurofibrillatory tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques have been the initial histopathological findings associated with AD. Recently several other features have been recognised which include degeneration of neuronal synapses, aneuploidy and loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Despite the recent inventions, presence of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular NFT have been taken into account as the main histopathological criteria for establishment of AD [8]. Among all the different hypothesis, AÃŽÂ ² cascade has been the most accepted. Previously, a mutation in beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), which contributes to the normal function of neurons and cerebral development, was thought to be the sole culprit since the accumulation of AÃŽÂ ² proteins had lead to the pathogenesis of AD [9]. Eventually, mutated presenilin genes (both 1 and 2) have been discovered to play a role in the formation of AÃŽÂ ² pools [10]. But the exact mechanism underlying how AÃŽÂ ² a ggregation contributes to the pathophysiology of AD largely remains unclear. Formerly, toxicity of neurons was believed to be caused by intracellular plaques. But recent data has suggested the role of intracellular AÃŽÂ ² proteins, which do not become sequestered into the extracellular plaques, as the toxic triggers stimulating the progression of AD [11]. Recently, it has also been shown that intracellular accumulation of AÃŽÂ ² proteins precedes the formation of extracellular AÃŽÂ ² protein plaques and NFT formation [12]. The role of intracellular AÃŽÂ ² protein in the progression of AD has also been demonstrated in recent experiments on transgenic mice. Results of these experiments indicate that increased deposits of AÃŽÂ ² proteins within the cells are associated with accelerated cell death [13]. Other important causative factors in the development of AD include oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) [14]. Susceptibility to oxidative damage is due to several factors which include relatively lower levels of antioxidants, significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, (these fatty acids rapidly fall prey to ROS), the presence of metallic ions and high oxygen utilisation [15]. Oxidation have been prove to be fatal for several constituents of the cells including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA [16]. Indirect mechanisms do play a vital role in the damaging process. Oxidation has been proven to accelerate the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and accentuate the activity of neuronal NOS (nNOS). This leads to increased production of nitric oxide (NO). NO is known to interact with super oxide anions thus forming a highly reactive peroxynitrite anion. These transient molecules exerts their effects mainly on sulfhydryl groups of cells. [17 ]. The entire process has been depicted in figure 2. Figure 2. Nitric Oxide Pathogenesis In addition to the indirect mechanisms, oxidative stress alters the protein structure. Impaired proteins are known to accelerate oxidative damage, thus proven to be interrelated. ROS causes the protein to be oxidised leading to a modified structure and causing them to be dimerized and aggregated [18]. Thus the oxidised protein which is both structurally and functionally abnormal gather as inclusions within the cytoplasm of the neurons, seen in the form of NFT (tau aggregates) and AÃŽÂ ² plaques [19]. Alternatively, AÃŽÂ ² plaques can also lead to the increased production of ROS. The entire process has been depicted in figure 3. OXIDATION ALTERED PROTEIN STRUCTURE CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS DIMERISATION AGGREGATION Figure 3.Displaying Correlation between Oxidation and Protein Dimerization, thus forming a Vicious Cycle AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) is an abundant species of AÃŽÂ ² proteins seen in AD [20]. AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) peptides is known for its toxicity which can be attributed to a residue of methionine at position 35 [21]. Oxidation of methionine contributes to the formation of methionine sulfoxide, which generally leads to irreversible oxidation and subsequently, forming methionine sulfone [22]. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) can even help the reduction of methionine sulfoxide into methionine [23]. However, the activity of MSR is also observed to be impaired in AD [24]. Methionine peroxide plays an important role in oxidative stress and toxicity caused by AÃŽÂ ² (1-42) peptides. The lone-pair of electrons present on the S atom of methionine undergoes oxidation of one atom and as a result, sulfuranyl radicals (MetS.+) are generated [21,25]. Sulfuranyl radicals are known to trigger the generation of other ROS like sulfoxides and superoxides by interacting with molecular oxygen [26]. The reason behind this intense oxidative damage could be attributed to the relative absence or decreased function of different antioxidant mechanisms of the body. Glutathione is one of the major antioxidant which can protect the brain tissues by causing detoxification of damaging ROS [27]. One of the main reasons of increase in oxidative stress in AD is the decreased glutathione levels in the brain [28]. The other members of the cellular antioxidant mechanism which plays a pivotal role includes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT). SOD is an antioxidant which is responsible for converting toxic superoxide ions into far less toxic hydrogen peroxide [29]. CAT evolves this reaction in to one step further and turns hydrogen peroxide into water [30]. Investigations have revealed that the levels of SOD and CAT decline in patients with AD [31]. Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) represent the other crucial parts of the cellular defence mechanism which acts against oxidative stress. GPx is responsible for the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides [32] and GR accelerates the reaction which helps in the regeneration of Glutathione (GSH) [33]. In total, the combination of an oxidative stress with above mentioned cellular defence mechanism against ROS, leads to the pathogenesis of AD. The pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease is mentioned in Figure 4. Figure 4. Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (MG : Microglia ; AS: Astrocyte; AP: Amyloid protein beta; NFT: Neurofibrillary tangles) ACE ALZEIHMERS: VITAMIN A, C E (ACE) THERAPY   Ã‚   ROLE OF VITAMIN A Vitamin A and beta carotene have been shown to have multiple benefits for people suffering from AD. Various studies have found that patients suffering from AD have significantly lower levels of Vitamin A level and beta carotene in their CSF as well as blood [34]. The development of neurodegenerative disorders has shown to be influenced by Vitamin A and beta-carotene. Vitamin A plays an active role in neuronal development both in early life and in the adult nervous system. It protects and assists in the regeneration of neurons during recovery from neurodegeneration [35]. Inhibition of formation and destabilization of AÃŽÂ ² fibrils is an additional effect of Vitamin A and beta-carotene [35]. Since oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ² fibrils is an important mechanism contributing to neuronal toxicity in AD, Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease the aggregation and oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ²40 and AÃŽÂ ²42 fibrils [36]. It has also been shown that Vitamin A and beta carotene decrease the decline of cognitive function in AD. Moreover, higher levels of these vitamins have been associated with better memory performance and spatial learning in these patients [3436]. ROLE OF VITAMIN C Various studies both in vivo and in vitro have shown to have significant effect in the brain due to decreased levels of vitamin C. Decreased plasma levels despite adequate intake in patients further confirmed the belief of protective effects of vitamin C in the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases [37]. Hence, it can be proved that oxidative stress induces damage in AD and protection against this stress is offered to a certain degree by antioxidant vitamins. The progression of AD is altered by Vitamin C by interfering with various different aspects of pathology. Numerous studies, both in-vivo and in vitro, have shown that Vitamin C can decrease oxidative stress. The structural progression of AD is prevented by Vitamin C by hindering the oligomerization of AÃŽÂ ² peptides [38]. Brain injury induces oxidative stress and reduces the level of antioxidants like vitamin C and SOD. Vitamin C supplementation improves the level of SOD, which consecutively helps to decrease oxidative stress and subsequent brain injury [39]. It has been suggested that even without additional supplementation, a normal intake of Vitamin C can have a neuroprotective effect in patients with AD. Cognitive decline in AD patients has shown to decrease is patients taking adequate Vitamin C [40]. In addition, results from a prospective observational study (n=4740) over a period of 3 years have shown that additional supplementation with antioxidant vitamins like vitamin C and E may be associated with both decreased incidence and prevalence of AD [41]. ROLE OF VITAMIN E Vitamin E represents a cluster of 8 antioxidants composed of 4 tocotrienols and 4 tocopherols. It has been reported that there is a greater risk of neurodegenerative disorders like AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) with lower plasma levels of vitamin E. Additionally, the level of vitamin E metabolic products (5-nitro-ÃŽÂ ³-tocopherol etc.) is shown to increase significantly in AD and MCI [42]. Deficiency of Vitamin E can lead to the damage and destruction of neurons and has been implicated in cases of cerebellar atrophy [43]. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant which can delay the progression of AD at several levels. Increased oxidative stress induced by AÃŽÂ ² plaques is known to be a risk factor for neuronal death and ensuing brain injury in AD. Vitamin E behaves like a scavenger for these free radicals and therefore, is neuroprotective. [44]. Vitamin E also provides protection against AD via various other methods. For example, the 12-lipoxygenase pathway leads to glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by inflammation. Vitamin E can reduce this inflammation induced neuronal death [45]. Furthermore, consumption of vitamin E has been linked with the regeneration of SOD, levels of which are shown to decline in AD [39]. Among the different forms of vitamin E, the greatest degree of protection against AD is provided by ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherols and ÃŽÂ ³-tocopherols [46]. A population-based cohort study of 5395 individuals was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplementation of antioxidants to provide protection against AD. Among all the antioxidants used, results showed that the most significant degree of protection (p=0.02) against dementia and AD was provided by Vitamin E [47]. Moreover, supplementation of 30 International Units of alpha-tocopherols can act as a valuable adjuvant in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD [48]. Conclusion Alzheimers disease represents one of the most significant age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress is one of the most important mechanisms involved in the development and progression of this condition. In order, to curb the oxidative stress, antioxidants can be of great help. The use of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E as adjuvant therapy for AD has always been given consideration. Thus, further clinical research is necessary to study the potential of these vitamins such that it can be integrated into clinical treatment to accelerate the recovery of patients afflicted by this disorder. REFERENCES Alzheimer A, Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde Allgemeine Zeits Psychiat Psychisch Gerichtlich Med 1907 64:146-48. Harvey RJ, Skelton-Robinson M, Rossor MN, The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003 74:1206-09. Alzheimers Association2012 Alzheimers disease facts and figures Alzheimers Dement 2012 8:131-68. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, Hà ©bert R, Helliwell B, Hill GB, Risk factors for Alzheimers disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging Am J Epidemiol 2002 156:445-53. Karantzoulis S, Galvin JE, Distinguishing Alzheimers disease from other major forms of dementia Expert Rev Neurother 2011 11:1579-91. Castellani RJ, Rolston RK, Smith MA, Alzheimer Disease Dis Mon 2010 56:484-546. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimers disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimers disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7:263-69. Swerdlow RH, Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease Clin Interv Aging 2007 2:347-59. Zheng H, Jiang M, Trumbauer ME, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Hopkins R, Smith DW, Beta-amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity Cell 1995 81:525-31. Levy-Lahad E, Wasco W, Poorkaj P, Romano DM, Oshima J, Pettingell WH, Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimers disease locus Science 1995 269:973-77. Lesne S, Kotilinek L, Amyloid plaques and amyloid-beta oligomers: An ongoing debate J Neurosci 2005 25:9319-20. Gouras GK, Tsai J, Naslund J, Vincent B, Vincent B, Edgar M, Intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation in human brain Am J Pathol 2000 156:15-20. Bayer TA, Wirths O, Intracelluar accumulation of amylois beta- A predictor for synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in Alzheimers disease Front Aging Neurosci 2010 2:8 Butterfield DA, Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimers disease brain. A review Free Radic Res 2002 36:1307-13. Butterfield DA, Castegna A, Lauderback CM, Drake J, Evidence that amyloid beta-peptide-induced lipid peroxidation and its sequelae in Alzheimers disease brain contribute to neuronal death Neurobiol Aging 2002 23:655-64. 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